Author: Hossam Elgnainy

There is no proven treatment for Leigh syndrome. However, patients with suspected Leigh syndrome should be treated with biotin (10 mg/kg) and thiamine (20 mg/kg) daily, since biotin-thiamine-responsive...

Oral: Immediate release: Initial: 0.15 to 0.2 mg/kg/day divided every 12 hours IV: 0.03 to 0.05 mg/kg/day as a continuous IV infusion. ... Note: Limit parenteral use to patients unable to take enteral...

The initial fluid replacement should start immediately with isotonic solution (0.9% sodium chloride or Ringer lactate). The typical volume is 10-20 mL/kg over 20-30 minutes, repeated as needed. Estimate...

1. Osmolarity (in mOsm/L): Osmolarity = Molarity (mol/L) × Number of particles (n) × 1000 Example: For 0.9% NaCl (0.154 mol/L), which dissociates into 2 particles (Na⁺ and Cl⁻): Osmolarity =...

It looks like you typed the same word twice: osmolarity and osmolarity. Maybe you meant to ask about the difference between: Osmolarity and osmolality? If so, here's the difference: Osmolarity is...

The risk factors that suggest you might be dealing with an enterococcal UTI include: Presence of a urinary catheter Recent instrumentation of the urinary tract Anatomical abnormalities (which...

While osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) doesn’t directly change the choice of antibiotics for pneumonia, there are some important drug-related considerations to keep in mind: 1. Avoid Drugs That Impair...

It's not that simple. First calculate the BMI and define if the patient is obese and the degree of obesity. You can calculate that using this calculator: https://samraph.com/pediatric-bmi-calculator/#cdc...

Cefotaxime: 3rd-gen cephalosporin, excellent for Gram-negatives and Streptococcus spp., but weak against Staphylococcus aureus, and little anaerobic coverage. Flagyl (metronidazole): good anaerobic coverage....

If the patient is dependent only on TPN and is NPO, then yes you should increase to reach the target nutritional requirements GIR, Proteins, Lipids, and the micronutrients as well. This is a general rule...

First of all it's not an absolute contraindication. Use with caution. Limited, low-dose therapy is usually well-tolerated in hepatic disease/cirrhosis; however, cases of hepatotoxicity at daily acetaminophen...

Ceftriaxone can be used with caution in patients with elevated liver enzymes, as it is partially metabolized by the liver and excreted in bile and urine. Mild to moderate elevation in liver enzymes without...

Typical cases of cellulitis without systemic signs of infection should receive an antimicrobial agent that is active against streptococci (mild; Figure 1) (strong, moderate). For cellulitis with systemic...